Mr Lister

Mr Green’s – Plenty Of Fish Ad Uploader

Mr Green’s – Plenty Of Fish Ad Uploader
Plenty of Fish Ad Uploader Is A Software Tool For Managing Ads On The Plenty of Fish Ad Platform. It Is A Firefox Extension That Can Be Downloaded And Installed On Firefox. The Tool Allows Plenty of Fish Advertisers To Quickly Create And Split Test Ads.
Mr Green’s – Plenty Of Fish Ad Uploader

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MANifesting Mr. Right – Dating Advice to Attract the Right Man

MANifesting Mr. Right – Dating Advice to Attract the Right Man
You can find love over 35! Dramatically improve your love life with proven dating strategies, practical tips, eye-opening insights, and inspiration. Discover the most powerful ways to attract men and date smart to find the love you want and deserve.
MANifesting Mr. Right – Dating Advice to Attract the Right Man

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Mr. Fix-It For Sports

Mr. Fix-It For Sports
New! “Mr. Fix-It For Sports” …5%-50% More Speed, Timing & Rhythm, Reflex, Power, Balance, Body Mechanics And Mindset For All Sports.
Mr. Fix-It For Sports

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3 Nascar Marketing Secrets That Will Turbo Charge Your Success This Year ? Part 1

3 Nascar Marketing Secrets That Will Turbo Charge Your Success This Year ? Part 1

NASCAR is a powerful business and marketing machine.  There is a lot you will be able to learn about positioning your own dealership just by studying the lead-generating, profit exploding strategies of this racing giant.

You’ve probably heard of Dale Earnhardt Jr., Jimmie Johnson, Kevin Harvick, Jeff Gordon and Tony Stewart. They are all pretty famous NASCAR stars. But a name you might not know the name Mike Bartelli. Racecar driver? No. But he is a man that knows lots about speed. Mike is a marketing guy and when it comes to NASCAR and motorsports marketing he is, “the” guy.

Mike is an expert in motorsports marketing, and as head of Millsport Motorsports he has aided NASCAR see record growth in popularity and sponsorship. Now Mike is chief marketing officer and senior VP of Petty Enterprises.

In a recent interview, Mike divulged some of the tips to NASCAR’s Marketing Success. We have from then taken the ideas Mike shared and reshaped them to fit the car business. We’re now serving them to you on a silver platter so you will be able to utilize them in your own dealership this year.

So print this out, grab a highlighter or a pen and put on your thinking cap because you’re about to go for wild ride.

NASCAR Understands the Power of a Celebrity Endorsement

In building their own monster brand, one of NASCAR’s main techniques was to make use of celebrities and celebrity endorsements to reach new fan bases. The NASCAR approach honed in on target groups of potential fans who normally will overlook the sport and reached out to them utilizing a popular celebrity from film, television, music, sports, etc.

You see, nothing gets attention like celebs… Certainly NOTHING.   While NASCAR undoubtedly knows this, several dealers in this nation don’t.

The point of advertising is to get your prospect’s attention.  So if nothing works better in getting attention than celebs, why not utilize it?

Demographics do not matter either. Rich investors, CEOs, credit challenged, blue-collar, white-collar they’re all attracted to celebs. We believe the reason is reach and frequency. Just like efficient marketing is about reaching many people and more importantly reaching them numerous times, celebs have an enormous amount of reach since their job is to be noticed and be heard.

Another motive why celebrities are strong marketing weapons is based on the power of association. Individuals relate you to those they see you with. If you’re hanging out with celebrities then you ought to be one yourself. This is reassuring to your clientele and places you in a positive light.   And naturally potential clientele will enjoy aligning themselves with you too, as they too want a piece of that celebrity pie.

Not to mention, clientele are more likely to refer business to the “cool” dealer who hangs out with celebs over the guy they’ve never heard of.  Bear in mind, boring is safe, but it will get you nowhere.  Leverage the power of celebrity and your prospects will be chasing you down for a sale.

Think this does not pertain to you? Think you can’t use celebrities in your marketing because you cannot pay for Dan Marino?  Well think again.

There is in fact a few low-cost methods you can begin featuring celebs in your marketing immediately.

One strategy we like is designing a mail piece with a full color envelope utilizing images of 3 famous celebs your target audience would resonate with… let’s say, Barack Obama, Tiger Woods, Oprah Winfrey and YOU! You can use the headline, “What Do Barack, Tiger, Oprah and Mr. Dealer Have In Common.” Next to your picture you’d put your name and “owner of ABC dealership in XYZ town.” BANG, instant celebrity tie in. And that is getting opened.

Or you can make use of your marketing dollars to buy a celebrity for direct sponsorship, endorsement or events. Sure most A-listers might be out of your price range but there is always someone affordable who resonates with your target market. Older celebs who are no longer in their hay-day or more obscure celebrities like popular contestants on reality TV shows could often be employed for surprisingly little.  

Also remember that the recession impacts everyone. Even celebrities jump at the chance to make some extra money. More normally than not it’s our impression of celebrities and our ego, fear of the unknown and apprehension created by star mystique which keep dealers from leveraging this super-charger of a marketing resource.
You could find contact info on virtually any celeb in a book by Jordan McAuley called the Celebrity Black Book available on Amazon.com or contact our office directly for celebrity agent suggestions.

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Mr. Blackwell (1922-2008) 10 Worst Dressed Lister

Mr. Blackwell (1922-2008) 10 Worst Dressed Lister

US $12.00 End Date: Wednesday Feb-08-2012 13:26:35 PST Buy It Now for only: US $12.00 Buy it now | Add to watch list

US $7.54 End Date: Sunday Feb-12-2012 15:32:14 PST Buy It Now for only: US $7.54 Buy it now | Add to watch list

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MR-Association

MR-Association
organization for online marketing research. We help companies that want to hear your opinion find you, listen to you and award you for the time you spend helping them improve.
MR-Association

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Top 3 Green Celebrities!

Top 3 Green Celebrities!

I think there is a natural curiosity about famous people. What are they doing?, wearing?, going?, feuding with?, etc. I was wondering who the greenest celebrities were. So, I set about finding out which amongst the hollywood elite is doing something positive for the environment. There are quite a few, so I’m going with the top three. Here is what I found out…

In past years, Leonardo DiCaprio was always the number one pick for greenest of the green in celebrity world. His documentary The Eleventh Hour, although receiving luke warm reviews, displays Mr. DiCaprio’s passion for sustainable living. His hold, though on the number one position has given way, I’m afraid.

Always in the top 5 of green celebs, Brad Pitt takes number 1 this year. He has made multiple contributions toward making the planet a little greener. His partnership with Global Green USA which has a huge project under construction in New Orleans to build greener, cost effective schools, is only one of his many “irons in the fire”. In 2006, he hosted a PBS series called Design:e2, which not only covers design technology, but other environmentally conscious issues. In 2007, he and wife Angelina Jolie, bought an eco-paradise of a winery in the south of France. Naturally, the winery is 100% organic and boasts olives, vegetables, and herbs as well. And, most recently, Mr. Pitt met with President Obama this month to discuss the Make It Right Foundation (the charity he founded in 2007) and the continuing efforts to reconstruct New Orleans after hurricane Katrina.

Did Leonardo take second place? No! It’s Daryl Hannah. Her commitment to biodiesel fuels is exampled by her personal vehicles. She is a spokesperson for Sustainable Biodiesel Alliance and also actively speaks out against the damage the oil industry does to the Amazon. She also narrates eco-friendly films (in her spare time). Wow! Busy lady. Good job, Ms. Hannah!

Finally, Leonardo DiCaprio. He has done so much for green causes all over the world. His accomplishments include producing Planet Green’s Greensburg and The Eleventh Hour. He founded the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation which works with other environmental organizations to increase awareness of green issues. He also supports multiple eco-friendly charities such as Global Cool, Global Green, Reef Check Foundation (for which he is the Honorary Chairman), Stop Global Warming, and Tree People.

It’s good to know that quite a few A-listers support sustainable living. I’ve highlighted the accomplishments of a few, but kudos to Cameron Diaz, Ed Begley, Jr, George Clooney, Matt Damon, Ed Norton, Adrian Grenier, Cate Blanchett, Bono, Robert Redford, Amitabh Bachchan, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Stella McCartney, Willie Nelson, Salma Hayek, Sting, Penelope Cruz, Orlando Bloom, Julia Roberts, Jamie Oliver, Jake Gyllenhaal, Sheryl Crow, and Cindy Crawford. Thanks to all. Lending your celebrity status to worthwhile causes deserves applause from all of us.

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Introduction to Plc and Scada

Introduction to Plc and Scada

Introduction to PLC’s

Programmable Logic Controllers

Bedford Associates, founded by Richard Morley introduced the first Programmable Logic Controller in 1968.  This PLC was known as the Modular Digital Controller from which the MODICON company derived its name.  The History of the PLC as told to Howard Hendricks by Dick Morley provides an interesting insight into the early development of the PLC.

 Schnieder Quantum PLC

Programmable Logic Controllers were developed to provide a replacement for large relay based control panels.  These systems were inflexible requiring major rewiring or replacement whenever the control sequence was to be changed.

The development of the micro processor from the mid 1970′s have allowed Programmable Logic Controllers to take on more complex tasks and larger functions as the speed of the processor increased.

Ladder Logic

PLC had to be maintainable by technicians and electrical personnel.  To support this the programming language of Ladder Logic was developed.  Ladder Logic is based on the relay and contact symbols technicians were used to through wiring diagrams of electrical control panels.

Until recently there has been no formal programming standard for PLC’s.  The introduction of the IEC 61131 Standard in 1998 provides a more formal approach to coding.  PLC Manufacturers have so far been slow on the uptake of the standard with partial implementation.  The SearchEng articleIEC 61131-3, a Standard for PLC Software by R.W. Lewis provides an introduction to the standard.

The documentation for early PLC Programs was either non existent or very poor, just providing simple addressing and basic comments, making large programs difficult to follow.  This has been greatly improved with the development of PLC Programming Packages.

SCADA and HMI

The early programmable logic controllers interfaced with the operator in much the same way as the relay control panel, via push-buttons and switches for control and lamps for indication.

The introduction of the Personal Computer (PC) in the 1980′s allowed for the development of a computer based interface to the operator, these where initially via simple Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and more recently via Dedicated Operator Control Panels, known as Human Machine Interfaces (HMI).

The History of the PLC
as told to Howard Hendricks by Dick Morley

The following are some fables associated with the first ten years of the programmable controller business. These Fables may or may not have a basis of truth, but in general, they are the best that my Alzheimer-plagued memory can do at the moment. As has been often in other articles and reports, the startup of Modicon and the programmable controller industry as a whole is well documented. The programmable controller was detailed on New Year’s Day, 1968, and from hence till now, a slow steady growth has allowed the manufacturing and process control industries to take advantage of applications-oriented software.

The early days however, were not as straightforward nor as simple. We had some real problems in the early days of convincing people that a box of software, albeit cased in cast iron, could do the same thing as 50 feet of cabinets, associated relays and wiring. The process was indeed difficult, and deserves some of the stories that I hope the reader will be regaled with as he proceeds onward through the tortuous swamp of my mind.

One of my earliest recommendations was that the programmable controller, according to my own system architecture specification, did not need to go fast because I felt as though speed was not a criteria because it would go as fast as we needed it to. The initial machine, which was never delivered, only had 125 words of memory, and speed was not a criteria as mentioned earlier. You can imagine what happened! First, we immediately ran out of memory, and second, the machine was much too slow to perform any function anywhere near the relay response time. Relay response times exist on the order of 1/60th of a second, and the topology formed by many cabinets full of relays transformed to code is significantly more than 125 words. We expanded the memory to 1K and thence to 4K. At 4K, it stood the test of time for quite a while. Initially, marketing and memory sizes were sold in 1K, 2K, 3K, (?) and 4K. the 3K was obviously the 4K version with constrained address so that field expansion to 4K could easily be done.

The question of speed, in part, was part of the early designs. No interrupts were necessary because the external signal conditions were directly written onto memory without any supervisory requirements or “operating system of the conventional type. This allowed the processor to pay attention to solving logic rather than housekeeping the I/O. As a result, of course, the processor had to have significantly more processing power than normally associated with this size computer; and secondly, the system had to be made to run fast.

We increased the memory size, as mentioned above, but to get it to run fast, we had to break up the machine into three distinct components. Initially, the programmable controller was conceived of a processor board and a memory, and that the algorithmic and logical manipulation would be done in software. This approach was painfully slow, both on the generic “store bought computers, and other items.

We did, however, manage to substantially speed up the machine by making a third major component. This was called the logic solver. A logic solver board solved the dominant algorithms associated with solving ladder logic without the intervention and classical software approach of general-purpose processing. This meant that we ended up with three boards; memory, logic solver and processor. This single step allowed us to get the speed we needed in this application-specific computer to solve the perceptually simple problem of several cabinets full of relay wiring.

We had also assumed a modular approach to the programmable controller. In act, the name Modicon means MOdular DIgital CONtroller. The modularity, however, was soon abandoned because, as everyone knows, open architectures are no good. We instead had the marketing premise that a large footprint would contain within it the sets of problems we wished to solve. This meant that a buyer of programmable controllers could buy large numbers of the same units, and the software and hardware would be identical across a broad spectrum of applications in his factory. Service, maintenance and total life cost would be substantially lower than the perceived lower cost of an open architecture and modular expansion. Although at first, a supporter of the open architecture modular expansion, I soon became convinced by the marketplace, but this was folly.

We took one of our early units which was aimed at the machine tool industry because of my Bedford Associates consulting background, up to one of the early requesters of this equipment. This particular early requester was Byrant Chuck and Grinder in Springfield, Vermont. We took the machine up there, and it was heavy. This was the 084. The 084 was in the trunk of my old Pontiac, and since we needed help carrying it in, requested some of the people at Bryant to help us. We went out and opened the hood, and the first comment made by an outside viewer of the programmable controller said, “Thank God it,s not another pastel colored piece of sheet metal.

We can hypothesize from this particular comment that the ruggedness of the visual design was pleasing to him, and being human (as opposed to Martian), assumed that this same attitude went deep inside the construction of the machine in both the hardware and software. Indeed, this was the case, and the machine as a result, was built rugged, had no ON/OFF switch, had no fans, did not make any noise and had no wear out system.

To reminisce for a moment—in selecting the cores for the first memories, which in itself was a revolutionary step, we selected these cores and we applied Shannon,s Law. Shannon,s Law assumes that the signal-to-noise ratio is what makes signals good or bad. There are several ways to get the power from the signal-to-noise ratio; one is to code heavily, be triply redundant, and use lots and lots of error checking. There is another way, which is perfectly compatible with theory, which is to use lots of signal power in another domain. A nice switch, a car battery and a D-rated light bulb will work fairly well over a long time period.

Therefore, what we did was rather than going error checking, triply redundant and stuff, we got, and searched for and found high energy, large ferrite core memories that had lots on energy per bit. We still make the same assumption today. The energy per bit is extremely important—as Shannon,s theory said in his most famous 1948 paper, that the signal noise to power noise is what gives you transmission. the way we got signal power was to increase the energy per bit. This we felt was far more important than getting the energy per bit increased by means of doubly transmitting it. But I digress. Bryant Chuck and Grinder put it in, and liked the equipment so much that they never bought one. They in turn thought it was a good idea, and as many did at that time, tried to evolve their own.

One of our first major customers, however, was Landis in Landis, PA. We flew the equipment down in a private aircraft, and with apprehension because we were late (as usual), brought the equipment into Landis. In doing so, we tripped over the threshold. The equipment went KA-RASH onto the floor! Without much chagrin, we picked the equipment up, trundled it in. hooked it up, and low and behold, it worked quite well.

Now, Landis was pleased and surprised. They were pleased because it worked, but they were most pleasantly surprised—not because the equipment worked—but because the guys from Modicon fully expected the equipment to work in spite of it being dropped. In other words, the people from Modicon weren,t nervous about the fact that it fell on the floor over the threshold.

Landis subsequently took and wrapped welding coils of wire around the machine to induce electro-magnetic noise to see if they could make it fail. We had them there! We used to test the programmable controllers with a Teslar coil that struck a quarter inch to half-inch arch anywhere on the system, and the programmable controller still had to continue to run. There was significant strangeness with respect to the programmable controller. For example, it had no ON/OFF switch. It had no means to load software. It had no fans. It ran cool. It could survive bad, physical and thermal environments. It was not computer industry standard. There were many things that were most difficult in the acceptance of the programmable controller, and early acceptance was most difficult indeed.

Our sales in the first four years were abysmal. Early innovators such as Landers and General Motors were, of course, heroes to our eyes, but they would buy small numbers of units and then test them in the field before they committed themselves later on. We had one customer in the utilities business that took them approximately six to seven years to make a decision to but the first one.

We never really sold any programmable controllers into the intended market which was machine tool control such as lathes, grinders and stuff, but we did, as luck would have it, stumble across the transfer line market which was and still is the mainstay, long-term market for the application of programmable controllers. Discreet parts manufacturing in an automatic environment, i.e., mass production, continues to be, and probably will be for the future, the mainstay of the programmable controller industry.

Some of the more interesting stories center around the personalities and experiences as opposed to the programmable controller. Modicon,s third president (or fourth, if you count my two-week stint) was Don Kramer. When Don Kramer was chosen as president, we decided to go out and celebrate at the Lanum Club in Andover. At the time, we felt we should celebrate over both martinis and food. As we were leaving the shop for the Lanum Club, Don made the aside comment that “the place is dingy and needs a paint job. As we were leaving, I mentioned to Don that as president you have to change what you say, and not be very open—you have to be a little careful about what you say because employees, customers, and boards of directors tend to take what you say as truth. Rather than listen to the meaning, they listen to the literal statements, and one must be careful. We went over to the Lanum Club and had a nice glowing two hours of discussion, food, and drink. Coming back, as we entered the Modicon lobby, we noticed that there was scaffolding about and people were painting. We went over and asked Lou as to why these people are painting since, at the time, we don,t have any money. Who ordered this paint job? And Lou looked Don Kramer straight in the eye, and said, “Why you did, Mr. Kramer. Nuff said.

As has been mentioned many times, your author, that,s me—Dick Morley—is supposed to be the inventor of the programmable controller. This is at best, partially true. The thing that made the Modicon company and the programmable controller really take off was not the 084, but the 184. The 184 was done in design cycle by Michael Greenberg, one of the best engineers I have ever met. He, and Lee Rousseau, president and marketeer, came up with a specification and a design that revolutionized the automation business. they built the 184 over the objections of yours truly. I was a purist and felt that all those bells and whistles and stuff weren,t “pure, and somehow they were contaminating my “glorious design, Dead wrong again, Morley! they were specifically right on! the 184 was a walloping success, and it—not the 084, not the invention of the programmable controller—but a product designed to meet the needs of the marketplace and the customer, called the 184, took off and made Modicon and the programmable controller the company and industry it is today. My compliments to the two chefs—Lee Rousseau and Mike Greenberg.

The issue of quality in programmable controllers is a story that is normally taken for granted. The gentle reader must remember that our engineering people came from the computer industry where reliability in those days was a phantom—a phantom of design, a phantom of cost. People felt that reliability was something other people did, and that if we only could deliver faster computers, even if they didn,t work, everything would be fine.

When the programmable controller was designed, it was designed in to be reliable. We used lots of energy per information bit by utilizing D-rated components, large memory ferrite cores, relatively stable and large etchings on printed circuit boards, totally enclosed systems and conductive cooling. No fans were used, and outside air was not allowed to enter the system for fear of contamination and corrosion. Mentally, we had imagined the programmable controller being underneath a truck, in the open, and being driven around—driven around in Texas, driven around in Alaska. Under those circumstances, we anted it to survive. The other requirement was that it stood on a pole helping run an utility or a microwave station which was not climate controlled, and not serviced at all. Under those circumstances, would it work for the years that it was intended to be? Could it be walled in? Could it be bolted in a system that was expected to last 20 years?

The humorous side of this is though we did all those designs and very carefully tried to make this system as intrinsically reliable as we could, not by redundancy, but by building well. In other words, it was designed to be built, it was designed to be designed, and it was designed to be reliable. We, however, as engineers, didn,t understand the accountants and manufacturing. those two have their grail, shipments by the end of the month. As far as we could ascertain at the time, shipments were made independent of quality and independent of whether or not the system ran.

In the early days of the programmable controller and Modicon, even though I wasn,t a direct employee and an owner, I would give out my home phone number to many of our critical customers so that if they had a problem, they could call me directly. Several calls indicated that when we shipped near the end of the month, let’s say October 34th, that the equipment would not run; and secondly, when they opened the box and took the machine apart, cards were missing, bolts were on the bottom of the cabinetry, and some of the cards were not fully inserted. In other words, to make the end of the month was much more important than to deliver equipment that ran. to put it mildly, we were pissed! How do we as engineers maintain quality without continual surveillance which is most difficult for the design and entrepreneurial mind set. What we did was specify and design “blue boxes. These were cabinetries that the system had to operate in and run continuously for a minimum of 24 hours, under load, and under varying conditions. The box was built out of plywood, but its primary intention was to heat cycle the programmable controller under various input/output loads. We also ran, as a specification, that a Tesla coil was to be used on the programmable controller, and that vibration and thumping with a hammer (rubber) would be part of the specification.

This may seem unscientific to many of you, but let us assume that you try to get your equipment to run while somebody purposely tries to destroy it with a rubber hammer or spark coil that he can put anywhere on the system. Remember, your intention is to make the processor stop. That combination significantly depressed those monthly shipments during the first period. As a result of that, however, the message got through. Not only did we build ovens and tests, and pay attention to heat and spark and RF emissions, we would run the system continuously even in the shipping crate to get the maximum number of pre-custom hours we could. It was important to us that we found the mistakes and not the customer and his secondary customer.

The language itself, ladder lister, bears some discussion. This particular language was not the invention of Modicon. We hypothesize that the language is very old, and originated in Germany to describe relay circuitry. If one looks at ladder lister, it has been our technical community for so long, we somehow think those little symboligies actually look like relays. In fact, it,s a mnemonic form of rule-based language, very modern and very high level, but designed in a Darwinian fashion over a period of many decades.

The ladder logic construct, “If… Then… is a very powerful construct used today in expert systems and other rule-based languages. The symbology, allowing normally open and normally closed situations as well as parallel and serial representation, was used for many decades before the invention of the programmable controller. I have worked on machines where the number of C-size and D-size prints were hung in special racks, and would be up to three feet thick worth of documentation on those drawing sets.

The name ladder comes from the fact that on the right-hand of the drawing is one power rail and the left-hand side is the other power rail; and in between in a horizontal fashion, is the statement or sequential connection of logical elements which we call relays or relay logic. The initial 084 had only logic in its functionality, and as a result, was marginal. In other words, all we did was replace relays rather than enhance the functionality by a factor of ten which is the entrepreneurial rule. Immediately, of course, based on customer response and our own frustrations, we put thing in the ladder listing language such as addition, multiplication, subtraction, and other functionalities that went far beyond relay capability and entered the realm of mathematics and set theory. This was still not sufficient, however, and we needed some way to make a “call to a “subroutine using ladder lister symbology and representation.

A software engineer, Chuck Schelberg, and myself were in the conference room one day trying to ascertain how we could make a generic call to functionalities that far exceeded the relay symbology and representation, and came up with the “DX function. This function was a block function that would be an element on the ladder logic representation that could perform many functionalities including arrays, motor drive functions, servo functions, extended mathematical functions, PID loops, ad nauseam. We felt there would be an occasional representation and use of these functionalities, and that not much had to be done to the programmable controller other than to modify the software. Wrong again!

The first customer that took delivery of a programmable controller utilizing the DX function, had a capability to be predictable and operate in real time. The RUN light went out, and the time to execute a scan or complete transformation of the ladder logic went far beyond the time allowable. Every single line had a DX function on it. Again we learned that when you enhance functionality, people use it all. I have never designed a computer that had too much memory. I,ve only designed computers that have too little memory. The same thing applies to any other functionality. Conventional wisdom seems to think that price/performance depends on only one thing—price—when, in fact, my experience has been that the customer cares little about price.

This price/performance tirade being over, one of the lessons we learned is that the customer wants functionality over the entire life cycle cost installation of the job. the customer also wants ease of installation, to have some fun, and to be proud of the work he does. After he,s finished, he never wants to come back.. The equipment should work as installed and as based. At one time, the programmable controller meantime before failure in the field was 50,000 hours. This is far in excess of almost any other type of electronic or control equipment.

The concept of languages and high-level languages is important. The programmable controller, as it evolved, began to request more and more power, and more and more memory. The memories continually went up as well as power. It is estimated that at one time, in the mid-1970s, that the programmable controller had the equivalent of two MIPS processor and 128 kilobytes of memory, which at that time was a significantly powered minicomputer capability. Why? High-level languages require power to run them. If we take the equivalent of the ladder lister statement “If… Then…, the high-level language as represented here, requires a substantial amount of interpretive compiler, if you will, generation of underlying code. In other words, this statement spawns significant underlying code that must be run quickly, reliably, and contain within it, all aspects of resource allocation and operations resource. The higher level the language, the more powerful the processor apparently has to be in order to run the language. Ladder lister is a high-level rule-based language which, until now, we haven,t talked much about in these terms. Our customers treated the programmable controller as a box of relays, and well they should. Language theory is neither necessary not desirable for most of the customers to know. The customers, instead, understand their problem, and are indeed much smarter than the design engineers because the dimensions of their problem far exceed the relatively simple problem of designing a computer software system and language. Ladder lister requires high performance which is one of the reasons it has difficulty running on the personal computer even of today

INTRODUCTION TO SCADA

SCADA is the abbreviation for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. It generally refers to an industrial control system: a computer system monitoring and controlling a process. The process can be industrial, infrastructure or facility based as described below:

            Industrial processes include those of manufacturing, production, power generation, fabrication, and refining, and may run in continuous, batch, repetitive, or discrete modes.

            Infrastructure processes may be public or private, and include water treatment and distribution, wastewater collection and treatment,  oil and gas pipelines, electrical power transmission and distribution, and large communication systems.

            Facility processes occur both in public facilities and private ones, including buildings, airports, ships, and space stations. They monitor and control HVAC, access, and energy consumption.

A SCADA System usually consists of the following subsystems:

            A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through which the human operator monitors and controls the process.

            A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending commands (control) to the process

            Remote Terminal Units (RTUs) connecting to sensors in the process, converting sensor signals to digital data and sending digital data to the supervisory system.

            Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the Remote Terminals Units

There is, in several industries, considerable confusion over the differences between SCADA systems and Distributed control systems (DCS). Generally speaking, a SCADA system usually refers to a system that coordinates, but does not control processes in real time. The discussion on real-time control is muddied somewhat by newer telecommunications technology, enabling reliable, low latency, high speed communications over wide areas. Most differences between SCADA and Distributed control system DCS are culturally determined and can usually be ignored. As communication infrastructures with higher capacity become available, the difference between SCADA and DCS will fade.

 Systems concepts

The term SCADA usually refers to centralized systems which monitor and control entire sites, or complexes of systems spread out over large areas (anything between an industrial plant and a country). Most control actions are performed automatically by remote terminals units (“RTUs”) or by programmable logic controllers (“PLCs”). Host control functions are usually restricted to basic overriding or supervisory level intervention. For example, a PLC may control the flow of cooling water through part of an industrial process, but the SCADA system may allow operators to change the set points for the flow, and enable alarm conditions, such as loss of flow and high temperature, to be displayed and recorded. The feedback control loop passes through the RTU or PLC, while the SCADA system monitors the overall performance of the loop.

Data acquistion begins at the RTU or PLC level and includes meter readings and equipment status reports that are communicated to SCADA as required. Data is then compiled and formatted in such a way that a control room operator using the HMI can make supervisory decisions to adjust or override normal RTU (PLC) controls. Data may also be fed to a Historian, often built on a commodity Database Management System, to allow trending and other analytical auditing.

SCADA systems typically implement a distributed database, commonly referred to as a tag database, which contains data elements called tags or points. A point represents a single input or output value monitored or controlled by the system. Points can be either “hard” or “soft”. A hard point represents an actual input or output within the system, while a soft point results from logic and math operations applied to other points. (Most implementations conceptually remove the distinction by making every property a “soft” point expression, which may, in the simplest case, equal a single hard point.) Points are normally stored as value-timestamp pairs: a value, and the timestamp when it was recorded or calculated. A series of value-timestamp pairs gives the history of that point. It’s also common to store additional metadata with tags, such as the path to a field device or PLC register, design time comments, and alarm information.

Human Machine Interface

A Human-Machine Interface or HMI is the apparatus which presents process data to a human operator, and through which the human operator controls the process.

An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.

The HMI system usually presents the information to the operating personnel graphically, in the form of a mimic diagram. This means that the operator can see a schematic representation of the plant being controlled. For example, a picture of a pump connected to a pipe can show the operator that the pump is running and how much fluid it is pumping through the pipe at the moment. The operator can then switch the pump off. The HMI software will show the flow rate of the fluid in the pipe decrease in real time. Mimic diagrams may consist of line graphics and schematic symbols to represent process elements, or may consist of digital photographs of the process equipment overlain with animated symbols.

The HMI package for the SCADA system typically includes a drawing program that the operators or system maintenance personnel use to change the way these points are represented in the interface. These representations can be as simple as an on-screen traffic light, which represents the state of an actual traffic light in the field, or as complex as a multi-projector display representing the position of all of the elevators in a skyscraper or all of the trains on a railway.

An important part of most SCADA implementations are alarms. An alarm is a digital status point that has either the value NORMAL or ALARM. Alarms can be created in such a way that when their requirements are met, they are activated. An example of an alarm is the “fuel tank empty” light in a car. The SCADA operator’s attention is drawn to the part of the system requiring attention by the alarm. Emails and text messages are often sent along with an alarm activation alerting managers along with the SCADA operator.

Hardware solutions

SCADA solutions often have Distributed Control System (DCS) components. Use of “smart” RTUs or PLCs, which are capable of autonomously executing simple logic processes without involving the master computer, is increasing. A functional block programming language, IEC 61131-3, is frequently used to create programs which run on these RTUs and PLCs. Unlike a procedural language such as the C programming language or FORTRAN, IEC 61131-3 has minimal training requirements by virtue of resembling historic physical control arrays. This allows SCADA system engineers to perform both the design and implementation of a program to be executed on an RTU or PLC. Since about 1998, virtually all major PLC manufacturers have offered integrated HMI/SCADA systems, many of them using open and non-proprietary communications protocols. Numerous specialized third-party HMI/SCADA packages, offering built-in compatibility with most major PLCs, have also entered the market, allowing mechanical engineers, electrical engineers and technicians to configure HMIs themselves, without the need for a custom-made program written by a software developer.

Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

The RTU connects to physical equipment. Typically, an RTU converts the electrical signals from the equipment to digital values such as the open/closed status from a switch or a valve, or measurements such as pressure, flow, voltage or current. By converting digital setpoints to electrical signals and sending these electrical signals out to equipment the RTU can control equipment, such as opening or closing a switch or a valve, or setting the speed of a pump.

Quality SCADA RTUs have these characteristics:

            Data Networking capability

            Data Reliability

            Data Security.

Supervisory Station

The term “Supervisory Station” refers to the servers and software responsible for communicating with the field equipment (RTUs, PLCs, etc), and then to the HMI software running on workstations in the control room, or elsewhere. In smaller SCADA systems, the master station may be composed of a single PC. In larger SCADA systems, the master station may include multiple servers, distributed software applications, and disaster recovery sites. To increase the integrity of the system the multiple servers will often be configured in a dual-redundant or hot-standby formation providing continuous control and monitoring in the event of a server failure.

Initially, more “open” platforms such as Linux were not as widely used due to the highly dynamic development environment and because a SCADA customer that was able to afford the field hardware and devices to be controlled could usually also purchase UNIX or OpenVMS licenses. Today, all major operating systems are used for both master station servers and HMI workstations.

 Operational philosophy

For some installations, the costs that would result from the control system failing is extremely high. Possibly even lives could be lost. Hardware for some SCADA systems is ruggedized to withstand temperature, vibration, and voltage extremes, but in most critical installations reliability is enhanced by having redundant hardware and communications channels, up to the point of having multiple fully equipped control centres. A failing part can be quickly identified and its functionality automatically taken over by backup hardware. A failed part can often be replaced without interrupting the process. The reliability of such systems can be calculated statistically and is stated as the mean time to failure, which is a variant of mean time between failures. The calculated mean time to failure of such high reliability systems can be on the order of centuries.

 Communication infrastructure and methods

SCADA systems have traditionally used combinations of radio and direct serial or modem connections to meet communication requirements, although Ethernet and IP over SONET / SDH is also frequently used at large sites such as railways and power stations. The remote management or monitoring function of a SCADA system is often referred to as telemetry.

This has also come under threat with some customers wanting SCADA data to travel over their pre-established corporate networks or to share the network with other applications. The legacy of the early low-bandwidth protocols remains, though. SCADA protocols are designed to be very compact and many are designed to send information to the master station only when the master station polls the RTU. Typical legacy SCADA protocols include Modbus RTU, RP-570, Profibus and Conitel. These communication protocols are all SCADA-vendor specific but are widely adopted and used. Standard protocols are IEC 60870-5-101 or 104, IEC 61850 and DNP3. These communication protocols are standardized and recognized by all major SCADA vendors. Many of these protocols now contain extensions to operate over TCP/IP. It is good security engineering practice to avoid connecting SCADA systems to the Internet so the attack surface is reduced.

RTUs and other automatic controller devices were being developed before the advent of industry wide standards for interoperability. The result is that developers and their management created a multitude of control protocols. Among the larger vendors, there was also the incentive to create their own protocol to “lock in” their customer base. A list of automation protocols is being compiled here.

Recently, OLE for Process Control (OPC) has become a widely accepted solution for intercommunicating different hardware and software, allowing communication even between devices originally not intended to be part of an industrial network.

 Trends in SCADA

There is a trend for PLC and HMI/SCADA software to be more “mix-and-match”. In the mid 1990s, the typical DAQ I/O manufacturer supplied equipment that communicated using proprietary protocols over a suitable-distance carrier like RS-485. End users who invested in a particular vendor’s hardware solution often found themselves restricted to a limited choice of equipment when requirements changed (e.g. system expansions or performance improvement). To mitigate such problems, open communication protocols such as IEC870-5-101/104 and DNP 3.0 (serial and over IP) became increasingly popular among SCADA equipment manufacturers and solution providers alike. Open architecture SCADA systems enabled users to mix-and-match products from different vendors to develop solutions that were better than those that could be achieved when restricted to a single vendor’s product offering.

Towards the late 1990s, the shift towards open communications continued with individual I/O manufacturers as well, who adopted open message structures such as Modbus RTU and Modbus ASCII (originally both developed by Modicon) over RS-485. By 2000, most I/O makers offered completely open interfacing such as Modbus TCP over Ethernet and IP.

SCADA systems are coming in line with standard networking technologies. Ethernet and TCP/IP based protocols are replacing the older proprietary standards. Although certain characteristics of frame-based network communication technology (determinism, synchronization, protocol selection, environment suitability) have restricted the adoption of Ethernet in a few specialized applications, the vast majority of markets have accepted Ethernet networks for HMI/SCADA.

“Next generation” protocols such as OPC-UA, Wonderware’s SuiteLink, GE Fanuc’s Proficy and Rockwell Automation’s FactoryTalk, take advantage of XML, web services and other modern web technologies, making them more easily IT supportable.

With the emergence of software as a service in the broader software industry, a few vendors have begun offering application specific SCADA systems hosted on remote platforms over the Internet, for example, PumpView by MultiTrode. This removes the need to install and commission systems at the end-user’s facility and takes advantage of security features already available in Internet technology, VPNs and SSL. Some concerns include security, Internet connection reliability, and latency.

SCADA systems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous. Thin clients, web portals, and web based products are gaining popularity with most major vendors. The increased convenience of end users viewing their processes remotely introduces security considerations.

 Security issues

The move from proprietary technologies to more standardized and open solutions together with the increased number of connections between SCADA systems and office networks and the Internet has made them more vulnerable to attacks. Consequently, the security of SCADA-based systems has come into question as they are increasingly seen as extremely vulnerable to cyberwarfare/cyberterrorism attacks.

In particular, security researchers are concerned about:

            the lack of concern about security and authentication in the design, deployment and operation of existing SCADA networks

            the mistaken belief that SCADA systems have the benefit of security through obscurity through the use of specialized protocols and proprietary interfaces

            the mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are purportedly physically secured

            the mistaken belief that SCADA networks are secure because they are supposedly disconnected from the Internet

Because of the mission-critical nature of a large number of SCADA systems, such attacks could, in a worst case scenario, cause massive financial losses through loss of data or actual physical destruction, misuse or theft, even loss of life, either directly or indirectly. Whether such concerns will cause a move away from the use of existing SCADA systems for mission-critical applications towards more secure architectures and configurations remains to be seen, given that at least some influential people in corporate and governmental circles believe that the benefits and lower initial costs of SCADA based systems still outweigh potential costs and risks] Recently, multiple security vendors, such as Byres Security, Inc., Industrial Defender Inc., Check Point and Innominate, and N-Dimension Solutions have begun to address these risks by developing lines of specialized industrial firewall and VPN solutions for TCP/IP-based SCADA networks. The problem according to Eric Byres, CEO of Byres Security, is that “while many infrastructure organizations are doing good work, others are falling behind. When you have this diversity of effort, you are only as effective as your weakest link.

Also, the ISA Security Compliance Institute (ISCI) is emerging to formalize SCADA security testing starting as soon as 2009. ISCI is conceptually similar to private testing and certification that has been performed by vendors since 2007, such as the Achilles certification program from Wurldtech Security Technologies, Inc. and MUSIC certification from Mu Security,  Inc. Eventually, standards being defined by ISA SP99 WG4 will supersede these initial industry consortia efforts, but probably not before 2011.

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Antianxiety and Antidepressive Effects of Essential Oils of Citrus Spp in Mice

Antianxiety and Antidepressive Effects of Essential Oils of Citrus Spp in Mice

1. Introduction

Citrus is a genus of fruit-trees of the family Rutaceae. It is Asiatic origin and are cultivated throughout the warmer parts of the world (5). The trees are typically aromatic because of the presence of glands in the leaves, flowers and fruits which produce essential oils. These oils are extracted for use in perfumes, to flavour drinks and used in confectionary. These oils are also used in the production of organic chemicals (6). It also utilised for culinary, ceremonial and medication purposes amongsts the Malays and also been claimed to be a snake deterant and possess aesthetic properties as hair shampoo amongst Malay and Malenasians.This study is focused to the 3 members of the Citrus genus:Citrus hystrix (DC), Citrus microcarpa (Bunge) and Citrus aurantifolia (Swingle) (also namedC. acida, Roxb.) (5).

1.1 Citrus hystrix

Citrus hystrix, locally known as ‘limau purut’, is a small tree, with a pear-shaped fruit, the skin intensely green, or ultimately upon ripening yellowish and wrinkled. Before the fruit is ripe the juice is gummy, but with ripeness becomes thin and watery, though never abundant (5). It has a characteristic sweet lemony smell whereas the flowers are small, white in colour and sweet smelling. The leaves, about 7.5 to 10 cm long, shiny and looks oily. The essential oil from the leaves is a light yellowish green liquid.

1.2 Citrus microcarpa

Normally C. microcarpa is consume as a refreshing fruit drink or they are commonly pickled with salt and can be preserved with sugar or salt as dried fruits. This is a common plant grown in the home, either as a potted plant or planted in the garden. It grows to about 3 to 4 m tall. Immature fruits are green but turn yellow or orangy when ripe. The fruits are very small compared to other Citrus. It is roundish (about 2.5 to 3.7 cm across) with a smooth, shiny, thin skin. They are very juicy but sour (7). C. microcarpa has a peculiar musky fragrance which gives it its name.

1.3 Citrus aurantifolia

It is normally consume as a fruit juice and used for cooking and garnishing. Leaves are traditionally used for poulticing, both against evil spirits and for skin complaints. It grows to about 5 m tall. In the early years, it is a thorny shrub. Flowers are about 1 inch across with 4 waxy petals (8). The fruits are roundish, about 2.5 to 5.0 cm in diameter, green when immature but turning yellow at maturity and very juicy but sour. The skin is shiny and smooth, about 0.3 to 1.2 mm thick (7). Citrus aurantifolia is really common and many varieties are available and can be found throughout the country.

2. Methods and Materials

2.1 Essential Oil

Essential oil of C. hystrix, C. microcarpa and C. aurantifolia were distilled from the leaves by vapour distillation method where distillation from 3 kg of leaves produces 0.4 to 0.7 ml of essential oil.

2.2 Animals

Male Swiss albino mice weighing between 22 to 26 g were used. Animals were bred at the USM animal house and keep in controlled conditions (light or dark cycle and temparature at 22°C) with food and water ad libitum.

2.3 Method

Mice were divided into 4 groups (6 mice per group). One group act as the control and the others were treated with Citrus spp essential oils. For the treated group, 0.1 ml essential oils given over 30 minutes in standardised animal container by vapourising the oil inside it. The container is a perspex container 22 cm x 12 cm x 15 cm fabricated at our laboratory. All groups undergo the Forced Swimming Test (antidepression) and Elevated Plus-maze test (anxiety). For the control group, each mouse is given 0.1 ml distilled water by the same method.

2.4 The Tests

2.4.1 The Force Swimming Test

This test is popularly used in screening anti-depressive effect. It is an animal depression model developed by Porsolts et al (9), validated by Nomura et al (10) and Sunal et al (11), adepted by Abdul Razak et al (12). The Force Swimming Test is readily accepted as the standard test with a degree of sensitivity and reability for the screening of anxiolytic and anxiogenic subtances. The apparatus is a cylindrical chamber made of glass with 25.3 cm diameter and 35.5 cm height. The height of water in chamber is 23.7 cm and it is at room temperature. The test is single blinded and conducted within a period of 15 minutes. Recordings and/or observation start on placement of the mouse into the chamber.

The parameters as follows:

1. Number of rounds of swimming within a 3 minutes duration (SR).

2. Time in immobility (total time in state immobility at 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th minute (TI).

3. Time of latency ( time to reach complete immobility within 15 minutes (TL).

Summary of parametric indication:

1. SR if increases, it shows antidepressive effect.

2. TI if decreases, it shows antidepressive effect.

3. TL if decreases, it shows antidepressive effect.

2.4.2 The Elevated Plus-maze Test

This test is used in the screening of anxiolytic effects of drugs. It is an animal anxiety model developed by Montgomery (13), validated by Pellow et al (14), Lister (15) and Cruz et al (16). This test is a standard test with an acceptable degree of sensivity and reability for the screening of anxiolytic and anxiolgenic substances. Some modification has been made in the mode of recording the parameters and in the apparatus by adopting recommendations of Lister (15) and Cruz et al (16) by Abdul Razak et al (12). The apparatus is made of black perspex with two sets of arms, the open and the enclosed arm opposing each other. The test were conducted within 5 minutes and recording and/or observation start upon placement of the mouse at the centre of the plus-maze facing forward of the enclosed arm.

The parameters measured as follows:

1. Number of entries into the open arm (EOA) and enclosed arm (EEA).

2. Time spent in open arm (TOA). Mouse is considered in open arm when all four limbs of the mouse are in the open arm.

3. Time spent in the enclosed arm (TEA). Mouse is considered in enclosed arm when all of four limbs of the mouse are in the enclosed arm.

4. Time of risk assessment (TRA). Recording starts when the mouse in the enclosed arm starts to protrude its face at the entrance until all four limbs are in the open or retreat back to the enclosed arm.

5. Time scanning (TS). Time when the mouse is in the open arm while scanning the edge of open arm.

Summary of parametric indication:

1. EOA if increases, it shows antianxiety effect.

2. TOA if increases, it shows antianxiety effect.

3. EEA if decreases, it shows antianxiety effect.

4. TEA if decreases, it did not show antianxiety effect.

5. TS if increases, it shows antianxiety effect.

6. TRA if increases, it shows antianxiety effect.

2.5 Statistical analysis

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistical Sofeware (version 11.0, SPSS) was used for the analysis of data in this study. The normality of each variable was tested by normality test and the homogeneity by homogeneity varian test (Levene’s test). All data were analyzed by using non-parametric statistic programme because most of the data were not normally distribution and were not homogenous. Kruskal-Wallis stastic test were used to compare median (IR) of data for more than two groups and if significant, it is followed by Mann-Whitney U test in order to determined the differences between groups. Level of significance was set at 0.05 and p value < 0.05 was accepted as significant.

2.6 Ethical committee

This study was approved by the USM Health Campus Animal Ethics Committee.

3. Results

3.1 The Force Swimming Test

The results of parameters obtained are shown in Figure 1 to Figure 3. Figure 1 represents group of mice versus SR. Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant differences between control group and treated groups of C. hystrix, C. microcarpa and C. aurantifolia (p > 0.05). In Figure 2 (group of mice versus TI), P value for Mann-Whitney U statistic test showed significant differences between treated group of C. aurantifolia compared to the control group (p = 0.05). Thus, C. aurantifolia shows antidepressive properties (p = 0.05). In Figure 3 (group of mice versus TL), Mann-Whitney U statistic test showed that C. aurantifolia has significant differences compared to the control group (* p = 0.05). C. aurantifolia shows antidepressive properties.

3.2 The Elevated Plus-maze Test

The results of parameters obtained are shown in Figure 4 to Figure 9. Figure 4 represents group of mice versus EOA. There were significant differences between the control group and treated group of C. hystrix, C. microcarpa and C. aurantifolia (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis test). Mann-Whitney U statistic test showed significant differences when C. microcarpa was compared to the control group (* p < 0.05). Therefore C. microcarpa shows antianxiety properties. Figure 5 represents group of mice versus TOA. There were significant differences between the control group and treated group of C. hystrix, C. microcarpa and C. aurantifolia (p < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis statistic test). P value for Mann-Whitney U statistic test showed significant differences between treated group of C. hystrix compared to the control group (* p = 0.05). C. hystrix shows antianxiety properties. In Figure 6 (group of mice versus EEA), P value for Kruskal-Wallis statistic test showed no significant differences between the control group and treated group of C. hystrix, C. microcarpa and C. aurantifolia (p > 0.05). In Figure 7 (group of mice versus TEA), P value for Mann-Whitney U statistic test showed significant differences of C. hystrix compared to the control group (* p = 0.05). C. hystrix shows antianxiety properties. Figure 8 represents group of mice versus TRA. P value for Kruskal-Wallis statistic test showed no significant differences between treated group and the control group (p > 0.05). Figure 9 represents group of mice versus TS. P value for Kruskal-Wallis statistic test showed no significant differences between all groups (p > 0.05).

4. Discussion

Porsolt et al (9) observed that rats or mice in the Behavioral Despair test or the Forced Swimming test, when forced to swim in a restricted space from which they cannot escape, cease to struggle and quickly maintain a characteristic immobile posture. They correlated this despair behavior, expressed as immobility to clinical state of mental depression (11). When antidepressants were given, its reduces the immobility of the rats or mice and this suggested that the test is usefulness in the screening for anti-depressive substance (10). In our study, for time in immobility (SR), P value fot statistic test Mann-Whitney U showed significant differences between treated group of C. aurantifolia (p = 0.05) and for time in latency (TL), Mann-Whitney U statistic test showed that C. aurantifolia has significant differences compared to the control (* p = 0.05). These results taken together indicate that C. aurantifolia appears to show an anti-depressive effect. The decrease in time of immobility is the positive results in screening anti-depressive using the Behavioral Despair test. The results using BDT shows C. aurantifolia has decreased for time in immobility and time of latency.

The Elevated Plus-maze test was developed from work of Montgomery (13). Pellow et al and co-workers (14) performed an extensive series of studies validating the procedure as an animal model of anxiety in rats and Lister et al (15) had validated the test in mice. Preferences to stay the open arm indicate the anxiolytic effect and test substances influency a longer stay in the open arm suggest anxiolytic properties. The results using the Elevated Plus-maze test shows C. hystrix has preferences to spent time in open arm and did not prefer to spent time in the enclosed arm. C. microcarpa treated mice have preferences to entry into the open arm. Essential oils of C. hystrix and C. microcarpa have antianxiety where C. hystrix has more effect compared to C.microcarpa. C. hystrix and C. microcarpa show anxiolytic properties based on the results obtained.

Conclusion

The present study provide some evidence to indicate that the smelling of essential oils (0.1 ml) of C. hystrix and C. microcarpa confer anxiolytic effect, while C. hystrix shows stronger anxiolytic effect, and C. aurantifolia showed antidepressive effect. It can be concluded that essential oils of the Citrus family may affect behavior. However, the mechanism of actions of these essential oils are not known. Further studies will needed to explore in the possible mechanism of action. These will require neurological test and related test to ascertain the effects observed in this study.

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Mr. Abdul Razak Ahmad, Mr. Norman Mukiar, Mr. Rosliza Haron, Mr. Mohd. Aminorddin Darus Mohd. Noor, Mrs. Halijah Miran, Mrs. Norzihana Ramli for their technical assistance and to all friends at Laboratory of the Department of Pharmacology, USM Medical School.

References

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2. Umezu T.(2000). Behavioral Effects of Plant-Derived Essential Oils in the Geller Type Conflict Test in Mice. Japan Journal Pharmacology. 83(2): 150.

3. Ilmberger J., Heuberger E., Mahrhofer C., Dessovic H., Kowarik D., Buchbauer G. (2001). The influence of Essential Oils on Human Attention. I: Alertness. Chemistry Senses. 26(3): 239.

4. Che Rugayah Che Awang dan Syed Mohsin Syed Sahil Jamalullail (2001). Effects of Essential Oil of Citrus hystric on the Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Anaesthetised Rats. Asia Pacific Journal of Pharmacology. Volume 15(2): S50.

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8. Allen B.M. (1975). Common Malaysian Fruits. Longman Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur. 36.

9. Porsolt R.D., Bertin A., Jalfre (1977). Behavioral despair in mice: A primary screening test for antidepressants. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 229: 327-336.

10. Nomura S., Shimizu J., Kinjo M., Kametani H., Nakazawa T. (1982). A new behavioral test for antidepressant drugs. European Journal of Pharmacology. 83: 171-175.

11. Sunal R., Gumusel B., Kayaalp S.O. (1994). Effect of changes in swimming area on results of ‘Behavioral Despair Test’. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 49(4): 891-896.

12. Abdul Razak Kasmuri, Md. Lukmi Ismail, Siti Amrah Sulaiman, Syed Mohsin Sahil Jamalullail (1998). Psychopharmacological aspect of post partum jamu. Program and abstract of the 14th scientific meeting of Malaysian Natural Products Society.

13. Montgomery K.C. (1955). The relation between fear induced by novel stimulation and exploratory behavior. J. Compr. Physiol. Psychol. 48: 254-260.

14. Pellow S., Chopin P., File S., Briley M. (1985). Validation of open: closed arm entries in an elevated plus-maze as a measure of anxiety in the rat. J. Neurosci. Meth. 14: 149-167.

15. Lister R.G. (1987). The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse. Psychopharmacology. 92: 180-185.

16. Cruz A.P.M., Frei F., Graeff F.G. (1994). Ethopharmacological analysis of rat behavior on the Elevated Plus-maze. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 49 (1): 171-176.

FIGURES

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